Forage-based livestock systems, insectivorous birds, and veterinary ecology: integrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31102/eam.3.1.1-22Keywords:
veterinary ecology, forage-based livestock systems, insectivorous birds, climate-smart livestock systemsAbstract
Veterinary sciences are increasingly central to the development of sustainable forage-based livestock systems, as they integrate animal health, nutrition, ecosystem functioning, and climate resilience within a One Health framework. This integrative review synthesizes current evidence on the evolving role of veterinary science in complex livestock agroecosystems, with particular emphasis on forage diversity, insect-mediated trophic processes, and the ecological functions of aerial insectivorous birds. The review highlights limitations of conventional livestock nutrition approaches that prioritize cost minimization and overlook ecological variability, seasonal dynamics, and non-livestock fauna. Forage-based systems, especially in tropical regions, benefit from diversified plant communities that enhance insect abundance, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem services, indirectly supporting livestock productivity and health. Swiftlets and swallows are examined as key ecological actors that regulate insect populations, contribute to nutrient redistribution, and interact closely with livestock-dominated landscapes. Climate change emerges as a major driver affecting forage quality, feed efficiency, and system stability, necessitating adaptive strategies such as precision feeding, climate-smart livestock systems, silvopastoral integration, and genetic adaptation. Despite growing interdisciplinary evidence, gaps remain in integrating avian ecology, insect-derived nutrient flows, and veterinary nutrition into coherent management frameworks. Addressing these gaps through interdisciplinary, data-driven, and translational research is essential to enhance the resilience, productivity, and sustainability of forage-based livestock agroecosystems.
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