KITAB KUNING LEARNING AS SOCIAL CAPITAL: The Role of Pesantren Mambaus Sholihin Gresik Alumni in Preserving Islamic Heritage in Madura

Abstract

This study analyzes the learning mechanisms of kitab kuning (Islamic classical books) by pesantren alumni of Mambaus Sholihin Gresik as a form of social capital in preserving Islamic intellectual heritage in Madura, with three main focuses: the learning mechanisms, the forms of preservation and dissemination of knowledge, and the challenges of adaptation in the modern era. Using a qualitative field study approach, primary data was obtained through in-depth interviews with alumni, pesantren administrators, and community figures, complemented by participatory observation of the sorogan-bandongan learning processes as well as da'wah activities, and analysis of archival documentation and religious lecture recordings. Interpretive descriptive analysis with source triangulation ensured the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the sorogan method builds interpersonal trust that internalizes the values of sincerity and mutual cooperation, while bandongan strengthens solidarity through monthly study groups that produce cross-regional da'wah networks spanning Gresik and Madura. Alumni actively preserve the Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah tradition through village mosque lectures, contextual da'wah, youth literacy, and economic empowerment. The main challenges, in the form of social media competition and urban migration, lead to a decline in lecture participation; however, these are overcome through adaptation via e-learning, lecture videos, and contextual interactive methods that maintain spiritual depth. The conclusion affirms the pesantren as a dynamic institution that synergizes classical tradition with digital innovation, forming a cohesive community based on social capital for sustainable socio-religious development in Madura.